Anabolic androgenic steroids produce both anabolic and virilization (also known as androgenic) effects. Most anabolic steroids work in two simultaneous ways. First, they work by binding the androgen receptor and increasing protein synthesis. Second, they also reduce recovery time by blocking the effects of the stress hormone, cortisol, on muscle tissue. As a result, catabolism of the body's muscle mass is greatly reduced.
Examples of anabolic effects:
* Increased protein synthesis from amino acids
* Increased muscle mass and strength
* Increased appetite
* Increased bone remodeling and growth
* Stimulation of bone marrow increasing production of red blood cells
Examples of virilizing/androgenic effects:
* Growth of the clitoris (clitoral hypertrophy) in females and the penis in male children (the adult penis does not grow indefinitely even when exposed to high doses of androgens)
* Increased growth of androgen-sensitive hair (pubic, beard, chest, and limb hair)
* Increased vocal cord size, deepening the voice
* Increased libido
* Suppression of endogenous sex hormones
* Impaired spermatogenesis
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