Side effects of anabolic steroids

Anabolic steroids (AS) are effective in enhancing athletic performance. The trade off, however, is the occurrence of adverse side effects which can jeopardize health. Since AS have effects on several organ systems, a myriad of side effects can be found. In general, the orally administered AS have more adverse effects than parenterally administered AS. In addition, the type of AS is not only important for the advantageous effects, but also for the adverse effects. Especially the AS containing a 17-alkyl group have potentially more adverse affects, in particular to the liver. One of the problems with athletes, in particular strength athletes and bodybuilders, is the use of oral and parenteral AS at the same time ("stacking"), and in dosages which may be several (up to 40 times) the recommended therapeutical dosage. The frequency and severity of side effects is quite variable. It depends on several factors such as type of drug, dosage, duration of use and the individual sensitivity and response.

Liver Function
AS may exert a profound adverse effect on the liver. This is particularly true for orally administered AS. The parenterally administered AS seem to have less serious effects on the liver. Testosterone cypionate, testosterone enanthate and other injectable anabolic steroids seem to have little adverse effects on the liver. However, lesions of the liver have been reported after parenteral nortestosterone administration, and also occasionally after injection of testosterone esters. The influence of AS on liver function has been studied extensively. The majority of the studies involve hospitalized patients who are treated for prolonged periods for various diseases, such as anemia, renal insufficiency, impotence, and dysfunction of the pituitary gland. In clinical trials, treatment with anabolic steroids resulted in a decreased hepatic excretory function. In addition, intra hepatic cholestasis, reflected by itch and jaundice, and hepatic peliosis were observed. Hepatic peliosis is a hemorrhagic cystic degeneration of the liver, which may lead to fibrosis and portal hypertension. Rupture of a cyst may lead to fatal bleeding.

Benign (adenoma's) and malign tumors (hepatocellular carcinoma) have been reported. There are rather strong indications that tumors of the liver are caused when the anabolic steroids contain a 17-alpha-alkyl group. Usually, the tumors are benign adenoma's, that reverse after stopping with steroid administration. However, there are some indications that administration of anabolic steroids in athletes may lead to hepatic carcinoma. Often these abnormalities remain asymptomatic, since peliosis hepatis and liver tumors do not always result in abnormalities in the blood variables that are generally used to measure liver function.

AS use is often associated with an increase in plasma activity of liver enzymes such as aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (AP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT). These enzymes are present in hepatocytes in relatively high concentrations, and an increase in plasma levels of these enzymes reflect hepatocellular damage or at least increased permeability of the hepatocellular membrane.

In longitudinal studies of athletes treated with anabolic steroids, contradictory results were obtained on the plasma activity of liver enzymes (AST, AST, LDH, GGT, AP). In some studies, enzymes were increased, whereas in others no changes were found. When increases were found, the values were moderately increased and normalized within weeks after abstinence. There are some suggestions that the occurrence of hepatic enzyme leakage, is partly determined by the pre-treatment condition of the liver. Therefore, individuals with abnormal liver function appear to be at risk.

Anabolic Steroids and the Male Reproductive System
AS are derivatives of testosterone, which has strong genitotropic effects. For this reason, it will not be surprising that side effects include the reproductive system. Application of anabolic steroids leads to supra-physiological concentrations of testosterone or testosterone derivatives. Via the feed back loop, the production and release of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulation hormone (FSH) is decreased.

Prolonged use of anabolic steroids in relatively high doses will lead to hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism, with decreased serum concentrations of LH, FSH, and testosterone.

There are strong indications that the duration, dosage, and chemical structure of the anabolic steroids are important for the serum concentrations of gonadotropins. A moderate decrease of gonadotropin secretion causes atrophy of the testes, as well as a decrease of sperm cell production. Oligo, azoospermia and an increased number of abnormal sperm cells have been reported in athletes using AS, resulting in a decreased fertility. After stopping AS use, the gonadal functions will restore within some months. There are indications, however, that it may take several months.

In bodybuilding, where usually high dosages are uses, after stopping steroid use, often choriogonadotropins are administered to stimulate testicular function. The effectiveness of this therapy is unknown.

The various studies suggest that using more than one type of anabolic steroid at the same time ("stacking") causes a stronger inhibition of the gonadal functions than using one single anabolic steroid. After abstention from anabolic steroids these changes in fertility usually reverse within some months. However, several cases of have been reported in which the situation of hypogonadism lasted for more than 12 weeks.

A well known side effect of AS in males is breast formation (gynecomastia). Gynecomastia is caused by increased levels of circulating estrogens, which are typical female sex hormones. The estrogens estradiol and estrone are formed in males by peripheral aromatization and conversion of AS. The increased levels of circulation estrogens in males stimulate breast growth. In general, gynecomastia is irreversible.

AS may affect sexual desire. Although few investigations on this issue have been published, it appears that during AS use sexual desire is increased, although the frequency of erectile dysfunction is increased. This may seem contradictory, but sexual appetite is androgen dependent, while erectile function is not. Since sexual desire and aggressiveness are increased during AS use, the risk of getting involved in sexual assault may be increased.

Anabolic Steroids and the Female Reproductive System
In the normal female body small amounts of testosterone are produced, and as in males, artificially increasing levels by administration of AS will affect the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. An increase in circulating androgens will inhibit the production and release of LH and FSH, resulting in a decline in serum levels of LH, FSH, estrogens and progesterone. This may result in inhibition of follicle formation, ovulation, and irregularities of the menstrual cycle. The irregularities of the menstrual cycle are characterized by a prolongation of the follicular phase, shortening of the luteal phase or amenorrhea. Although these changes are generally more pronounced in younger women, large inter-individual responsiveness to anabolic steroids exists. The effects of AS dosages as generally used in sport, on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in females are hardly studied.

Other side effects of anabolic steroid use in females are increased sexual desire and hypertrophy of the clitoris. The few systematic studies that have been conducted suggest that the effects are similar to the effects in patients, treated with anabolic steroids.

Anabolic steroid use by pregnant women may lead to pseudohermaphroditism or to growth retardation of the female fetus. Anabolic steroid use may even lead to fetal death. However, these side effects have not been studied systematically. It is likely that the severity of the side effects is related to the dosage, duration of use and the type of the drug.

Additional side effects of anabolic steroids specifically in women are acne, hair loss, withdrawal of the frontal hair line, male pattern boldness, lowering of the voice, increased facial hair growth, and breast atrophy. The lowering of the voice, decreased breast size, clitoris hypertrophy and hair loss are generally irreversible. Females using AS may develop masculine facial traits, male muscularity, and coarsening of the skin.

When anabolic steroids are administered in growing children side effects include virilization, gynecomastia, and premature closure of the epiphysis, resulting in cessation of longitudinal growth.

Serum Lipoproteins and the Cardiovascular System
AS also affect the cardiovascular system and the serum lipid profile. Relatively few studies have been done to investigate the effect of anabolic steroids on the cardiovascular system. No longitudinal studies have been conducted on the effect of anabolic steroids on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.

Most of the investigations have been focused on risk factors for cardiovascular diseases, and in particular the effect of anabolic steroids on blood pressure and on plasma lipoproteins. In most cross-sectional studies serum cholesterol and triglycerides between drug-free users and non-users is not different. However, during anabolic steroid use total cholesterol tends to increase, while HDL-cholesterol demonstrates a marked decline, well below the normal range. Serum LDL-cholesterol shows a variable response: a slight increase or no change. The response of total cholesterol seems to be influenced by the type of training that is done by the athlete. When a great deal of the exercise consists of aerobic exercise, the increasing effect of AS is counterbalanced by an exercise-induced increasing effect, which may result in a net decline in total cholesterol. Aerobic training does not seem to be able to offset the steroid-induced decline in HDL-cholesterol and its subfractions HDL-2, and HDL-3.

The precise effect of anabolic steroids on LDL-cholesterol is unknown yet. It appears that anabolic steroids influence hepatic triglyceride lipase (HTL) and lipoprotein lipase (LPL). Males usually have higher levels of HTL, while females have higher LPL activity. HTL is primarily responsible for the clearance of HDL-cholesterol, while LPL takes care of cellular uptake of free fatty acids and glycerol. Androgens and anabolic steroids stimulate HTL, presumably resulting in decreased serum levels of HDL-cholesterol.

The effect of anabolic steroids on triglycerides is not well known. It is suggested that relatively low doses do not affect the serum triglyceride levels, while it cannot be excluded that higher doses elicit an increase.

No unanimity exists about the influence of anabolic steroids on arterial blood pressure. The response is most probably dose dependent. There is some data suggesting that high doses increase diastolic blood pressure, whereas low doses fail to have a significant effect on diastolic blood pressure. Increases in diastolic blood pressure normalize within 6-8 weeks after abstinence from anabolic steroids. It appears that repeated intermittent use of anabolic steroids does not affect diastolic blood pressure during drug free periods.

There is evidence that the use of anabolic steroids does elicit structural changes in the heart and that the ischemic tolerance is decreased after steroid use. Echocardiographic studies in bodybuilders, using anabolic steroids, reported a mild hypertrophy of the left ventricle, with a decreased diastolic relaxation, resulting in a decreased diastolic filling. Some investigators have associated cardiomyopathy, myocardial infarction, and cerebro-vascular accidents with abuse of anabolic steroids. However, a possible causal relationship could not been proved, because longitudinal studies that are necessary to prove such a relationship, have not been conducted yet. There is convincing evidence that oral administration of anabolic steroids has stronger adverse effects on the mentioned variables than parenteral administration.

Although the effects of anabolic steroids have an unfavorable influence on the risk factors for cardiovascular disease, no data are available about the long term effects. Most of the mentioned effects appear to reverse within 6-8 weeks after abstention. It is unknown, however, whether the structural changes as reported in the heart, are reversible as well.

Psychological Effects
Administration of AS may affect behavior. Increased testosterone levels in the blood are associated with masculine behavior, aggressiveness and increased sexual desire. Increased aggressiveness may be beneficial for athletic training, but may also lead to overt violence outside the gym or the track. There are reports of violent, criminal behavior in individuals taking AS. Other side effects of AS are euphoria, confusion, sleeping disorders, pathological anxiety, paranoia, and hallucinations.

Anabolic steroid users may become dependent on the drug, with symptoms of withdrawal after cessation of drug use. The withdrawal symptoms consist of aggressive and violent behavior, mental depression with suicidal behavior, mood changes, and in some cases acute psychosis. At present it is unknown which individuals are particularly at risk. It is likely that great individual differences in responsiveness may exist. Some individuals try to minimize the withdrawal affects by administration of human choriogonadotropins (hCG), in order to enhance endogenous testosterone production. However, it is unknown in how far the hCG administration is successful in ameliorating the withdrawal effects.

Additional Side Effects
In addition to the mentioned side effects several others have been reported. In both males and females acne are frequently reported, as well as hypertrophy of sebaceous glands, increased tallow excretion, hair loss, and alopecia. There is some evidence that anabolic steroid abuse may affect the immune system, leading to a decreased effectiveness of the defense system. Steroid use decreases the glucose tolerance, while there is an increase in insulin resistance. These changes mimic Type II diabetes. These changes seem to be reversible after abstention from the drugs.

There are some case reports suggesting a causal relationship between anabolic steroid use and the occurrence of Wilms tumor, and prostatic carcinoma. In the literature also sleep apnea has been reported, which has been associated with AS-induced increased in hematocrit, leading to blood stasis and thrombosis.

AS use may affect thyroid function. Administration of AS has been found to decrease thyroid stimulation hormone (TSH), and the products of the thyroid gland. In addition, thyroid binding globulin (TBG). These changes reversed within weeks after discontinuation of AS use.

A serious consequence of AS use may be the multiple drug abuse. On the one hand athletes use different kinds of drugs in an attempt to counterbalance the side effects: hCG, thyroid hormones, anti-estrogens, anti-depressants. On the other hand people try to support the anabolic effects of AS by using additional anabolic hormones as for instance: different types of AS at the same time, growth hormone, insulin, erythropoietine, and clenbuterol. Because most of this takes place outside the official medical circuit, it is likely that these practices may lead to serious conditions.

References
(not referred to in the above review)
1. Alen, M., P. Rahkila. Anabolic-androgenic steroid effects on endocrinology and lipid metabolism in athletes. Sports Med. 6: 327-332, 1988
2. American College of Sports Medicine. Position stand on the use of anabolic-androgenic steroids in sport. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 19(5): 534-539, 1987
3. Bahrke, M.S., C.E. Yesalis, J.E. Wright. Psychological and behavioral effects of endogenous testosterone levels and anabolic-androgenic steroids among athletes; a review. Sports Med. 10(5): 303-337, 1990
4. Cohen, J.C., R. Hickman. Insulin resistance and diminished glucose tolerance in power lifters ingesting anabolic steroids. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 64: 960-963, 1987
5. De Piccoli, B., F. Giada, A. Benettin, F. Sartori, E. Piccolo. Anabolic steroid use in body builders: an echocardiographic study of left ventricular morphology and function. Int. J. Sports Med. 12(4): 408-412, 1991
6. Haupt, H.A. Anabolic steroids and growth hormone. Am. J. Sports Med. 21(3): 468-474, 1993
7. Wilson, J.D. Androgen abuse in athletes. Endocr. Rev. 9(2): 181-199, 1988

Growth Hormone

Active Life: Varies by injection method
Drug Class: Growth Hormone/IGF-1 Precursor (for injection)
Average Dose: Men 2-6 i.u. total daily
Acne: No
Water Retention: Rare
High Blood Pressure: Rare
Liver Toxic: No
Aromatization: No
Comments: High Anabolic/No Androgenic effects

In the human body growth hormone is produced by the pituitary gland. It exists at especially high levels during adolescence when it promotes the growth of tissues, protein deposition and the breakdown of subcutaneous fat stores. Upon maturation endogenous levels of GH decrease, but remain present in the body at a substantially lower level. In the body the actual structure of growth hormone is a sequence of 191 amino acids. Once scientists isolated this hormone, many became convinced it would exhibit exceptional therapeutic properties. It would be especially effective in cases of pituitary deficient dwarfism, the drug perhaps restoring much linear growth if administered during adolescence.

he 1980's brought about the first prepared drugs containing Human Growth Hormone. The content was taken from a biological origin, the hormone being extracted from the pituitary glands of human corpses then prepared as a medical injection. This production method was short lived however, since it was linked to the spread of a rare and fatal brain disease. Today virtually all forms of HGH are synthetically manufactured. The recombinant DNA process is very intricate; using transformed e-coli bacterial or mouse cell lines to genetically produce the hormone structure. It is highly unlikely you will ever cross the old biologically active item on the black market (such as Grorm), as all such products should now be discontinued. Here in the United States two distinctly structured compounds are being manufactured for the pharmaceutical market. The item Humatrope by Eli Lilly Labs has the correct 191 amino acid sequence while Genentech's Protropin has 192. This extra amino acid slightly increases the chance for developing an antibody reaction to the growth hormone. The 191 amino acid configuration is therefore considered more reliable, although the difference is not great. Protropin is still Anabolics 2002 considered an effective product and is prescribed regularly. Outside of the U.S., the vast majority of HGH in circulation will be the correct 191 amino acid sequence so this distinction is not a great a concern.

The use of growth hormone has been increasing in popularity among athletes, due of course to the numerous benefits associated with use. To begin with, GH stimulates growth in most body tissues, primarily due to increases in cell number rather than size. This includes skeletal muscle tissue, and with the exception of eyes and brain all other body organs. The transport of amino acids is also increased, as is the rate of protein synthesis. All of these effect are actually mediated by IGF-1 (insulin-like growth factor), a highly anabolic hormone produced in the liver and other tissues in response to growth hormone (peak levels of IGF-1 are noted approximately 20 hours after HGH administration). Growth hormone itself also stimulated triglyceride hydrolysis in adipose tissue, usually producing notable fat loss during treatment. GH also increases glucose output in the liver, and induces insulin resistance by blocking the activity of this hormone in target cells. A shift is seen where fats become a more primary source of fuel, further enhancing body fat loss.

Its growth promoting effect also seems to strengthen connective tissues, cartilage and tendons. This effect should reduce the susceptibility to injury (due to heavy weight training), and increase lifting ability (strength). HGH is also a safe drug for the "piss-test". Although its use is banned by athletic committees, there is no reliable detection method. This makes clear its attraction to (among others) professional bodybuilders, strength athletes and Olympic competitors, who are able to use this drug straight through a competition. There is talk however that a reliable test for the exogenous administration of growth hormone has been developed, and is close to being implemented. Until this happens, growth hormone will remain a highly sought after drug for the tested athlete.

But the degree in which HGH actually works for an athlete has been the topic of a long running debate. Some claim it to be the holy grail of anabolics, capable of amazing things. Able to provide incredible muscle growth and unbelievable fat loss in a very short period of time. Since it is used primarily by serious competitors who can afford such an expensive drug, a great body of myth further surrounds HGH discussion (among those personally unfamiliar). Many will state with the utmost confidence that the incredible mass of the Olympian competitors each year is 100% due to the use of HGH. Others have crossed bodybuilding materials claiming it to be a complete waste of money, an ineffective anabolic and barely worthwhile for fat loss. With its high price tag, certainly an incredibly poor buy in the face of steroids. So we have a very wide variety of opinions regarding this drug, whom should we believe?

It is first important to understand why there the results obtained from this drug seem to vary so much. A logical factor in this regard would seem to be the price of this drug. Due to the elaborate manufacturing techniques used to produce it, it is extremely costly. Even a moderately dosed cycle could cost an athlete between $75-$150 per daily dosage. Most are unable or unwilling to spend so much, and instead tinker around with low dosages of the drug. Most who have used this item extensively claim it will only be effective at higher doses. Poor results would then be expected if low amounts were used, or the drug not administered daily. If you cannot commit to the full expense of an HGH cycle, you should really not be trying to use the drug.

The average male athlete will usually need a dosage in the range of 4 to 6 I.U. per day to elicit the best results. On the low end perhaps 1 to 2 I.U. can be used daily, but this is still a considerable expense. Daily dosing is important, as HGH has a very short life span in the body. Peak blood concentrations are noted quickly (2 to 6 hours) after injection, and the hormone is cleared from the body with a half-life of only 20-30 minutes. Clearly it does not stick around very long, making stable blood levels difficult to maintain. The effects of this drug are also most pronounced when it is used for longer periods of time, often many months long. Some do use it for shorter periods, but generally only when looking for fat loss. For this purpose a cycle of at least four weeks would be used. This compound can be administered in both an intramuscular and subcutaneous injection. "Sub-Q" injections are particularly noted for producing a localized loss of fat, requiring the user to change injection points regularly to even out the effect. A general loss of fat seems to be the one characteristic most people agree on. It appears that the fat burning properties of this drug are more quickly apparent, and less dependent on high doses.

Other drugs also need to be used in conjunction with HGH in order to elicit the best results. Your body seems to require an increased amount of thyroid hormones, insulin and androgens while HGH levels are elevated (HGH therapy in fact is shown to lower thyroid and insulin levels). To begin with, the addition of thyroid hormones will greatly increase the thermogenic effectiveness of a cycle. Taking either Cytomel® or Synthroid® (prescription versions of T-3 and T-4) would seem to make the most sense (the more powerful Cytomel® is usually preferred). Insulin as well is very welcome during a cycle, used most commonly in an anabolic routine as described in this book under the insulin heading. Aside from replacing lowered insulin levels, use of this hormone is important as it can increase receptor sensitivity to IGF-1, and reduce levels of IGF binding protein-1 allowing for more free circulating IGF-1 (growth hormone itself also lowers IGF binding protein levelss'). Steroids as well prove very necessary for the full anabolic effect of GH to become evident. Particularly something with a notable androgenic component such as testosterone or trenbolone (if worried about estrogen) should be used. The added androgen is quite useful, as it promotes anabolism by enhancing muscle cell size (remember GH primarily effects cell number). Steroid use may also increase free IGF-1 via a lowering of IGF binding proteins. The combination of all of these (HGH, anabolics, insulin and T-3) proves to be the most synergistic combination, providing clearly amplified results. it is of course important to note that thyroid and insulin are particularly powerful drugs that involve a number of additional risks.

Release and action of GH and IGF-1: GHRH (growth hormone releasing hormone) and SST (somatostatin) are released by the hypothalamus to stimulate or inhibit the output of GH by the pituitary. GH has direct effects on many tissues, as well as indirect effects via the production of IGF-1. IGF-1 also causes negative feedback inhibition at the pituitary and hypothalamus. Heightened release of somatostatin affects not only the release of GH, but insulin and thyroid hormones as well.

HGH itself does carry with it some of its own risks. The most predominantly discussed side effect would be acromegaly, or a noticeable thickening of the bones (notably the feet, forehead, hands, jaw and elbows). The drug can also enlarge vital organs such as the heart and kidney, and has been linked to hypoglycemia and diabetes (presumably due to its ability to induce insulin resistance). Theoretically, overuse of this hormone can bring about a number of conditions, some life threatening. Such problems however are extremely rare. Among the many athletes using growth hormone, we have very few documented cases of a serious problem developing. When used periodically at a moderate dosage, the athlete should have little cause for worry. Of course if there are any noticeable changes in bone structure, skin texture or normal health and well being during use, HGH therapy should be completely halted.

In summary, the biggest mistake we can make with this drug is to get confused by the price tag. Even a relatively short cycle of this drug (and ancillaries) will cost in the thousand(s), not hundreds of dollars. We cannot jump to the conclusion that GH is therefore the most unbelievable anabolic. This hormone is simply very complex, and costly to manufacture (though it should be getting cheaper). If you were looking to achieve just a great mass gain the $1,000 would be better spent on steroids. Growth Hormone will not turn you into an overnight "freaky" monster and it is certainly not "the answer". Yes, it is a very effective performance enhancement tool. But it is more a tool for the competitive athlete looking for more than steroids alone can provide. There is little doubt that GH contributes considerably to the physiques and performance of many top bodybuilders and athletes. In this arena, the money spent on it is well justified, the drug obviously necessary. But outside of competitive sports it is usually not.

Basic Cutting Cycle: Stack

Week	Ephedrine (ECA)	Clenbuterol
1	3 x ECA ED
2	3 x ECA ED
3	3 x ECA ED
4		0,16-0,24 mg ED
5		0,16-0,24 mg ED
6		0,16-0,24 mg ED
7	3 x ECA ED
8	3 x ECA ED
9	3 x ECA ED
10		0,16-0,24 mg ED
11		0,16-0,24 mg ED
12		0,16-0,24 mg ED
13	3 x ECA ED
14	3 x ECA ED
15	3 x ECA ED
16		0,16-0,24 mg ED
17		0,16-0,24 mg ED

Clenbuterol users will usually tailor their dosage individually, depending on results and side effects, but somewhere in the range of 2-8 tablets per day is most common, it is often stacked with cytomel. For fat loss, Clenbuterol seems to stay effective for 3-6 weeks, then it's thermogenic properties seem to subside. This is noticed when the body temperature drops back to normal.

The widely touted stack (ECA) of ephedrine (25-50mg), caffeine (200mg) and aspirin (300mg) is shown to be extremely potent for fat loss. In this combination, the ephedrine and caffeine both act as notable thermogenic stimulants. The added aspirin also helps to inhibit lipogenesis by blocking the incorporation of acetate into fatty acids. The athlete will be sure this stack is working by noticing an increase in body temperature, usually a degree or so (not an uncomfortable raise). This combination is taken two to three times daily, for a number of consecutive weeks. It is discontinued once the user's body temperature drops back to normal, a clear sign these drugs are no longer working as desired. At this point increasing the dosages would not prove very efficient. Instead a break of several weeks should be taken, so that this stack may once again work at an optimal level.

Legend: ED - Every Day
ECA: ephedrine (25-50mg), caffeine (200mg) and aspirin (300mg)

Anabolic and virilizing effects

Anabolic and virilizing effects
Anabolic androgenic steroids produce both anabolic and virilization (also known as androgenic) effects. Most anabolic steroids work in two simultaneous ways. First, they work by binding the androgen receptor and increasing protein synthesis. Second, they also reduce recovery time by blocking the effects of the stress hormone, cortisol, on muscle tissue. As a result, catabolism of the body's muscle mass is greatly reduced.


Examples of anabolic effects:
* Increased protein synthesis from amino acids
* Increased muscle mass and strength
* Increased appetite
* Increased bone remodeling and growth
* Stimulation of bone marrow increasing production of red blood cells

Examples of virilizing/androgenic effects:
* Growth of the clitoris (clitoral hypertrophy) in females and the penis in male children (the adult penis does not grow indefinitely even when exposed to high doses of androgens)
* Increased growth of androgen-sensitive hair (pubic, beard, chest, and limb hair)
* Increased vocal cord size, deepening the voice
* Increased libido
* Suppression of endogenous sex hormones
* Impaired spermatogenesis

Winter Begginer/Intermediate Bulk Cycle

The 3 Compounds that we are gonna use for this Winter Bulk cycle are Sustanon,
Trenbolone Acetate ,and Anadrol

Sustanon 250

(Propionate, phenylpropionate, isocaproate, decanoate)
Each sostanon 250 contains the following:

Testosterone propionate 30 mg
Testosterone phenylpropionate 60 mg
Testosterone isocaproate 60 mg
Testosterone decanoate 100 mg

250 mgs. / 1 cc. vials or preloads. Sostanon 250 is one of the most popular
steroids and for good reason. It is precisely set up to give you results for up
to a month after injection because each of the testosterones that make up
sostanon 250 stay active in the body for differing time periods. It gives you
almost instant results that you can feel since it will hit you about 3 hours
after your first injection. The reason for this is the fast acting properties of
the testosterone propionate that is in it. The testosterone phenylpropionate and
testosterone isocaproate will typically stay active for about 2-3 weeks each and
the testosterone decanoate stays active in the body for up to a month. This
combination is what gives sostanon 250 its quick onset which continues to hit
you for about 4 weeks after the last injection. This drug also degrades and
tapers nicely for the same reasons. Some people will argue that sostanon is good
because since it is made up of multiple types of te
 stosterone, that it "will hit multiple androgen receptors." This could not be
further from the truth. You only have one type of androgen receptor. All
steroids hit the same androgen receptor regardless of what you are taking.

Sustanon 250 is highly anabolic as well as highly androgenic. This makes it a
favorite of those trying to bulk up. It is a steroid that gives you what you are
looking for; that 20-25 lbs during a 6 week cycle for most steroid novices. You
gain mass rapidly and get a nice kick in stength as well while taking this drug.
There is almost a synergistic action to sostanon 250, meaning that the
combination of the various testosterones in it work better together than the sum
of their parts. In this example, 1+1+1+1=5!

Another nice aspect of sostanon 250 is that it aromatizes less and gives you
less water retention than other testosterones. This tranlates to a lower risk of
gyno and will tend to not give you as much of a "puffy look" as say testosterone
cypionate or enanthate would. For these reasons alone, you can see why sostanon
250 would be preferred to other steroids. It is also fairly easy to obtain on
the black market and a cinch to buy in Mexico as just about every pharmacy
stocks the bodybuilders friend, Sostanon 250!

Side Effects
The side effects tend to resemble other types of testosterones but it tends to
not be as harsh. The typical side effects can include the following: nausea,
leukopenia, symptoms resembling a peptic ulcer, acne, edema (water retention),
excitation or increased aggressiveness (commonly referred to as roid rage),
sleeplessness, chills, vomiting, diarrhea, hypertension, prolonged blood
clotting time, increase in libido. Females had reported: menstrul
irregularities, post-menopausal bleeding, swelling of the breasts, hoarseness or
deepening of the voice, enlargement of the clitoris, and water retention. Men
had reported: cases of impotence, chronic priapism, epididymitis, inhibition of
testicular function, oligospermia, and bladder irritability. Some people that
take sostanon 250 have reported "flu like" symptoms as well. These symptoms
include a higher than normal fever, stomach aches, being tired, etc. These side
effects tend to go away after a few days and should not deter you f
 rom your goals of gaining muscle mass!

Effective Dose
250 - 1000 mg / weekly. Sostanon is designed to be a time released steroid
though and could theoretically be taken as little as once a month since it stays
active in your body for that time period, but for bodybuilding purposes, this is
not practical. More commonly, bodybuilders will take between 500 - 750 mg per
week for the desired effects. I have heard, and I am saying heard of people
taking obscene amounts of sostanon though. I am talking about 3000 mg a week for
some of these people. This is of course both stupid and wasteful, but I thought
I would fill you in on the extremes.

Stacking Info
Very powerful drug which stacks with other steroids very well in a bulking
cycle. Sostanon 250 is commonly taken along with anadrol 50, dianabol, deca
durabolin if they are looking to "mass up". You can take with parabolan,
winstol, or primobolan if you are looking for more quality muscle gains that
would also tend to stay with you longer. It is not typically taken precontest as
there is still some water retention associated with taking this drug.



Trenbolone Acetate:

Active Life: Around 2 days

Trenbolone is a very potent androgen with strong anabolic activity. It is well
suited for the rapid buildup of strength and muscle mass, usually providing the
user exceptional results in a relatively short time period. The anabolic effect
of this drug is often compared to popular bulking agents such as testosterone or
Dianabol, with one very important difference. Trenbolone does not convert to
estrogen. This is indeed a very unique compound since mass drugs, almost as a
rule, will aromatize (or cause other estrogen related troubles) heavily. When we
think of taking milder (regarding estrogen) steroids we usually expect much
weaker muscle growth, but not so with Trenbolone. Here we do not have to worry
about estrogen related side effects, yet still have an extremely potent
mass/strength drug. There is no noticeable water retention, so the mass gained
during a cycle of Trenbolone will be very hard and defined (providing fat levels
are low enough). Gynecomastia is also not much
 of a concern, so there shouldn't be any need to addition an anti-estrogen if
trenbolone is the only steroid administered.

The high androgen level resulting from this steroid, in the absence is excess
estrogen, can also accelerate the burning of body fat. The result should be a
much tighter physique, hopefully without the need for extreme dieting.
Trenbolone can therefore help bring about an incredibly hard, ripped physique
and is an ideal product for competitive bodybuilders.

Trenbolone is also much more potent than testosterone at suppressing endogenous
androgen production. This makes clear the fact that estrogen is not the only
culprit with negative feedback inhibition, as here there is no buildup of this
hormone to report here. There is however some activity as a progestin inherent
in this compound, as trenbolone is a 19-nortestosterone (nandrolone) derivative
(a trait characteristic of these compounds). However it seems likely that much
of its suppressive nature still stems from its powerful androgen action. With
the strong impact trenbolone has on endogenous testosterone, of course the use
of a stimulating drug such as HCG and/or Clomid/Nolvadex is recommended when
concluding steroid therapy (a combination is preferred). Without their use it
may take a prolonged period of time for the hormonal balance to resume, as the
testes may at first not be able to normally respond to the resumed output of
endogenous gonadotropins due to an atrophied sta
 te. Those who have used Trenbolone regularly would often claim it to be
indispensable. A daily dosage 75 mg is the most popular range when running a
cycle. While Trenbolone is quite potent when used alone, it was generally
combined with other steroids for an even greater effect. During a cutting phase
one could add a non-aromatizing anabolic such as Winstrol or Primobolan. Such
combinations will elicit a greater level density and hardness to the muscle.
One could also bulk with this drug, with the addition of stronger compounds
like Dianabol or Testosterone. While the mass gain would be quite formidable
with such a stack, some level of water retention would probably also accompany
it. Moderately effective anabolics such Deca-Durabolin or Equipoise would be
somewhat of a halfway point, providing extra strength and mass but without the
same level of water bloat we see with more readily aromatized steroids.

Effective Dose
75 mg every day or two days



Anadrol 50 ® (oxymetholome)

Active Life: Less than 16 hours

Effective Dose: Men 50-150 mg/day


Anadrol 50 is considered by many to be the one of the most powerful steroids
available, with results of this compound being extremely dramatic. This steroid
produces a lot of trouble with water retention, so let there be little doubt
that much of this gain is simply bloat. But for the user this is often little
consequence, feeling bigger and stronger on Anadrol 50 than any steroid they are
likely to cross. Although the smooth look that results from water retention is
often not attractive, it can aid quite a bit to the level of size and strength
gained. The muscle is fuller, will contract better and is provided a level of
protection in the form of "lubrication" to the joints as some of this extra
water is held into and around connective tissues. This will allow for more
elasticity, and will hopefully decrease the chance for injury when lifting
heavy. It should be noted however, that on the other hand the very rapid gain in
mass might place too much stress on your connective ti
 ssues for this to compensate. The tearing of pectoral and biceps tissue is
commonly associated with heavy lifting while massing up on heavy androgens.
There is such a thing as gaining too fast. Pronounced estrogen trouble also
puts the user at risk for developing gynecomastia. Individuals sensitive to the
effects of estrogen, or looking to retain a more quality look, will therefore
often add Nolvadex to each cycle.

It is important to note however, that this drug does not directly convert to
estrogen in the body. Oxymetholone is a derivative of dihydrotestosterone, which
gives it a structure that cannot be aromatized. As such, many have speculated as
to what makes this hormone so troublesome in terms of estrogenic side effects.
Some have suggested that it has progestational activity, similar to nandrolone,
and is not actually estrogenic at all. Since the obvious side effects of both
estrogens and progestins are very similar, this explanation might be a plausible
one. However we do find medical studies looking at this possibility. One such
tested the progestational activity of various steroids including nandrolone,
norethandrolone, methandrostenolone, testosterone and oxymetholone. It reported
no significant progestational effect inherent in oxymetholone or
methandrostenolone, slight activity with testosterone and strong progestational
effect inherent in nandrolone and norethandrolone. Wi
 th such findings it starts to seem much more likely that oxymetholone can
intrinsically activate the estrogen receptor itself, similar to but more
profoundly than the estrogenic androgen methAndriol.
If this is the case we can only combat the estrogenic side effects of
oxymetholone with estrogen receptor antagonists such as Nolvadex or Clomid, and
not with an aromatase inhibitor. The strong anti-aromatase compounds such as
Arimidex, Femara, or Aromasin would prove to be totally useless with this
steroid, as aromatase is not involved.

Anadrol 50 is also a very potent androgen. This factor tends to produce many
pronounced, unwanted androgenic side effects. Oily skin, acne and body/facial
hair growth can be seen very quickly with this drug. Many individuals respond
with severe acne, often requiring medication to keep it under control. Some of
these individuals find that Accutaine works well, which is a strong prescription
drug that acts on the sebaceous glands to reduce the release of oils. Those with
a predisposition for male pattern baldness may want to stay away from Anadrol 50
completely, as this is certainly a possible side effect during therapy. And
while some very adventurous female athletes do experiment with this compound, it
is much too androgenic to recommend. Irreversible virilization symptoms can be
the result and may occur very quickly, possibly before you have a chance to take
action.

It is interesting to note that Anadrol 50 does exhibit some tendency to convert
to dihydrotestosterone, although this does not occur via the 5-alpha reductase
enzyme (responsible for altering testosterone to form DHT) as it is already a
dihydrotestosterone based steroid. Aside from the added c-17 alpha alkylation,
oxymetholone differs from DHT only by the addition of a 2-hydroxymethylene
group. This grouping can be removed metabolically however, reducing oxymetholone
to the potent androgen l7alpha-methyl dihydrotestosterone (mesterolone;
methyldihydrotestosterone). There is little doubt that this biotransformation
contributes at least at some level to the androgenic nature of this steroid,
especially when we note that in its initial state Anadrol 50 has a notably low
binding affinity for the androgen receptor. So although we have the option of
using the reductase inhibitor finasteride (Proscar) to reduce the androgenic
nature of testosterone, it would be of no benefit with An
 adrol 50 as this enzyme is not involved.

The principle drawback to Anadrol 50 is that it is a 17alpha alkylated compound.
Although this design gives it the ability to withstand oral administration, it
can be very stressful to the liver. Anadrol 50 is particularly dubious because
we require such a high milligram amount per dosage. The difference is great when
comparing it to other oral steroids like Dianabol or Winstrol, which have the
same chemical alteration. Since they have a slightly higher affinity for the
androgen receptor, they are effective in much smaller doses. Anadrol 50 has a
lower affinity, which may be why we have a 50mg tablet dosage. When looking at
the medical requirements, the recommended dosage for all ages has been 1 - 5
mg/kg of body weight. This would give a 220lb person a dosage as high as 10
Anadrol 50 tablets (500mg) per day. There should be little wonder why when liver
cancer has been linked to steroid use, Anadrol 50 is generally the culprit.
Athletes actually never need such a high dosage
 and will take in the range of only 1-3 tablets per day. Many happily find that
one tablet is all they need for exceptional results, and avoid higher amounts.
Cautious users will also limit the intake of this compound to no longer than
4-6 weeks and have their liver enzymes checked regularly with a doctor. Kidney
functions may also need to be looked after during longer use, as water
retention/high blood pressure can take a toll on the body. Before starting a
cycle, one should know to give Anadrol 50 the respect it is due. It is a very
powerful drug, but not always a friendly one.

Well now that we know about the compounds lets take a look at how to stack them,

Week   Sustanon              Tren A            Anadrol
1 250-1000 mg/weekly        75mg Ed/EOD      50-150 mg/day
2 250-1000 mg/weekly        75mg Ed/EOD      50-150 mg/day
3 250-1000 mg/weekly        75mg Ed/EOD      50-150 mg/day
4 250-1000 mg/weekly        75mg Ed/EOD      50-150 mg/day
5 250-1000 mg/weekly        75mg Ed/EOD      50-150 mg/day
6 250-1000 mg/weekly        75mg Ed/EOD      50-150 mg/day
7 250-1000 mg/weekly        75mg Ed/EOD      50-150 mg/day
8 250-1000 mg/weekly        75mg Ed/EOD      50-150 mg/day
9 250-1000 mg/weekly        75mg Ed/EOD      50-150 mg/day
10 250-1000 mg/weekly       75mg Ed/EOD      50-150 mg/day